Muscles and Muscle Fiber Types
The limbs of the body are able to move because muscles contract and excert force on the skeleton. Muscles consist of muscle fibers and a single muscle fiber in turn is made up of smaller units called sarcomeres.
There are different types of muscle fibers, which differ in contractile properties. Muscle fibers are divided into type I (slow twitch or red muscle fibers) and type II (fast twitch or white muscle fibers). These types differ in contraction velocity (the speed with which the fiber can contract), contraction force and endurance.
Type I fibers are slow and can not deliver much force, but have greater endurance and can therefore sustain force for longer periods of time, thanks to a well developed blood supply, which also explains the name red fibers. Type II muscle fibers have a greater contraction velocity and can deliver more force, but are more quickly exhausted. Their blood supply is less well developed, hence the name white fiber.
Type II muscle fibers can be further divided into Type IIa and Type IIX. Type IIX are the larger, stronger and faster muscle fibers, with little endurance. Type II fibers are intermediates between Type I and Type IIx fibers, leaning more towards Type IIx in speed, force but having a reasonably developed endurance capacity, although still less than that of Type I fibers. The table underneath outlines the greatest differences between the different fiber types.
Property | Type I | Type IIa | Type IIx |
Motor neuron | Small | Large | Large |
Nerve conduction velocity | Slow | Fast | Fast |
Contraction velocity | Slow | Fast | Fast |
Relaxation speed | Slow | Fast | Fast |
Fatigue resistance | Large | Average/low | Low |
Strength | Low | Average | High |
Power | Low | Average/high | High |
Endurance | Large | Average/low | Low |
Amount of aerobic enzymes | Large | Average/low | Low |
Amount of anaerobic enzymes | Small | Large | Large |
Capillary density | High | Average | Low |
Amount of myoglobin | Large | Small | Small |
Mitochondrial density | High | Average | Low |
Fiber diameter | Small | Average | Large |
Color | Red | White/red | White |
References:
-Baechle, T.R., Earle, R.W. (2008). Muscular, Neuromuscular, Cardiovascular, and respiratory systems. Essentials of Strength Training and Conditioning. Third Edition. USA Human Kintetics.